Análise da cobertura vacinal e a prevalência de internações por doenças do trato respiratório por agentes imunopreveníveis no período de janeiro de 2015 a julho de 2020 / Analysis of vaccine coverage and prevalence of hospitalizations by respiratory tract vaccine-preventable diseases in the period from january 2015 to july 2020

Introdução: as infecções respiratórias das vias aéreas são frequentes no nosso meio. O combate dessas infecções ocorre por meio da introdução dos antimicrobianos, quando indicados, e a profilaxia através da imunização, reduzindo a incidência das infecções e suas complicações. Objetivo: avaliar a cobertura vacinal para agentes causadores de infecções do trato respiratório e a prevalência de internações por essas afecções no Brasil no período de 2015 a 2020. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo, cujos dados foram obtidos por meio do banco de dados proveniente do DATASUS, Sistema de Internação Hospitalar e Sistema de Informação do Programa Nacional de Imunizações. A seleção ocorreu por meio dos registros de indivíduos que foram imunizados no Brasil, por região e por ano de imunização das vacinas Pneumocócica, Pneumocócica 1º reforço, Tríplice viral D1, Tríplice viral 2, Tetra Viral, Pentavalente e Influenza. Resultados: ao decorrer dos anos, observou-se uma redução significativa da cobertura vacinal de todas as vacinas analisadas, com a região Norte apresentando o menor registro em todos os anos. Em relação a taxa de internações por pneumonia, a região Sudeste obteve as maiores taxas. Houve um aumento importante de internamentos por influenza na região Centro-Oeste em 2019. As taxas de internação por sarampo aumentaram significativamente no ano de 2018, principalmente na região Norte. Conclusão: apesar da redução progressiva nas taxas de cobertura vacinal das regiões brasileiras nos últimos anos, as taxas de internação para pneumonia e influenza tendem a queda, com aumento mais expressivo dos internamentos por sarampo no período analisado.

Introduction: respiratory airway infections are frequent infections. These infections are fought through use of antimicrobials, when indicated, and prophylaxis is done through immunization, reducing the incidence of infections and their complications. Objective: to evaluate vaccine coverage for agents responsible for respiratory tract infections and the prevalence of hospitalizations for these conditions in Brazil from 2015 to 2020. Methods: This is a descriptive epidemiological study. Data were obtained through the database from the Department of Informatics of SUS, Hospitalization System and Information System from the National Vaccination Program. Selection was conducted through analysis of the records of individuals who were vaccinated in Brazil, by region and by year of vaccination for the Pneumococcal and Pneumococcal 1st booster dose vaccines, first and second doses for Triple Viral vaccine, Tetra Viral vaccine, Pentavalent vaccine and influenza. Expected Results: over the years, there has been a significant reduction in vaccination coverage, with the Northern brazilian presenting the lowest record in all years. Regarding the rate of hospitalizations for pneumonia, the Southeastern had the highest rates. Assessing influenza, there was a more significant increase in the Midwest. Measles hospitalization rates increased significantly in 2018, especially North, despite disease eradication in 2016, with a parallel registry of reduction in vaccination coverage in the period analysed. Conclusion: Despite the progressive reduction in vaccination coverage rates in Brazilian in recent years, the hospitalization rates for pneumonia and influenza tend to fall, with a more expressive increase in hospitalizations for measles in the analyzed period.

Situação vacinatória da tríplice e da tetra viral em crianças matriculadas na Educação Infantil / The vaccination situation of triple and tetra viral in children enrolled in Early Childhood Education

Objetivo Descrever a situação vacinal de crianças matriculadas nos Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil da Zona Sul do município de Natal, Rio Grande do Norte com relação às vacinas de tríplice e tetra viral. Método Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, descritivo e retrospectivo, realizado a partir da análise de cartões de vacina de crianças matriculadas em 15 instituições, nas quais foi possível reunir 773 cartões que foram analisados a partir do calendário básico de vacinação do ano 2015. Os cartões foram classificados em: esquema vacinal completo, incompleto e/ou não vacinado. Resultados Observou-se que 576 (75,51%) crianças estavam com o esquema vacinal completo, sendo o esquema considerado finalizado com a segunda dose da tríplice ou com a tetra viral. A melhor situação vacinal foi atingida nas crianças de dois a quatro anos, com uma cobertura de 84,31%, sendo que 83,3% das crianças dessa faixa etária estavam com o esquema completo e 12,79% das crianças estavam com o esquema vacinal incompleto. Um total de 67 crianças (8,66%) não apresentaram registros de vacina. Com relação à tetra viral, 226 crianças (29,73%) apresentaram esquema vacinal completo. Conclusão Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo revelam uma situação vacinal abaixo da meta estabelecida pelo Programa Nacional de Imunização.

Objective To describe a vaccination situation of children up to 8 years old from the Municipal Centers of Early Childhood Education in the South Zone of the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte for vaccines of triple and tetra viral. Method This is an epidemiological, descriptive and retrospective study, carried out based on the analysis of vaccination cards for children from 15 institutions, where it was possible to gather 773 cards, a course based on the basic calendar of the year 2015. They were classified in: complete, incomplete and/or unvaccinated vaccination schedule. Results It is observed that 576 (75.51%) of the children have a complete vaccination schedule, the schedule being completed with a second dose of triple or tetra viral. The best vaccination status was achieved in children aged 2 to 4 years with a coverage of 84.31% and 83.3% children with the complete regimen. We have 12.79% of children with an incomplete vaccination schedule. A total of 67 children (8.66%) who did not have any vaccine records. Regarding Tetra Viral, 226 children (29.73%) had a complete vaccination schedule. Conclusion The results obtained in this study reveal a vaccination situation below the target established by the National Immunization Program.

Evaluación neuroepidemiológica a partir de anticuerpos antivirales de memoria generados por la vacuna triple viral / Neuro-Epidemiological Evaluation From Memory Antiviral Antibodies Generated By The MMR Vaccine

Introducción: La vacuna contra sarampión-parotiditis-rubéola es administrada en Cuba con un 99 por ciento de cobertura vacunal. Actualmente se plantea la baja inmunogenicidad de la cepa de parotiditis con que se fabrica por lo que resulta importante velar por la eficacia de las vacunas y su respuesta inmune protectora. Objetivos: Evaluar el comportamiento de los índices de anticuerpo antirubéola, antiparotiditis y antisarampión de acuerdo con la edad, y analizar la variación de la respuesta de anticuerpos antiparotiditis con respecto a estudios anteriores. Materiales y métodos: Se estudiaron muestras de suero y líquido cefalorraquídeo de 42 pacientes pediátricos con procesos neuroinflamatorios y se les cuantificó IgG total y albúmina y anticuerpos específicos contra los tres virus a partir de ensayos innmunoenzimáticos tipo ELISA. Se realizaron los reibergramas correspondientes e índices de anticuerpos específicos. Resultados: Se observó un incremento sostenido de anticuerpos contra los tres inmunógenos de forma general, sin diferencias significativas por razones de edad ni cambios notables posrevacunación. Existió un decrecimiento del índice de anticuerpos a medida que se alejaba de la fecha de revacunación por lo que se debe mantener una vigilancia en esos grupos de edades. La velocidad de producción de anticuerpos antiparotiditis fue mayor que frente a los otros virus, aunque no de forma significativa. Conclusiones: Esta vacuna garantiza protección por la uniformidad de la respuesta inmune de memoria inducida en todos los grupos de edades. Se demostró un aumento de protección de la población estudiada frente a la parotiditis con respecto a estudios previos(AU)

Introduction: The measles-mumps-rubella vaccine is administered in Cuba with 99 percent vaccination coverage. Currently, the low immunogenicity of the strain of mumps with which it is manufactured is raised, so it is important to ensure the effectiveness of vaccines and their protective immune response. Objectives: Evaluate the behavior of the anti-rubella, anti-mumps and anti-measles antibody indices according to age, and to analyze the variation of the anti-mumps antibody response with respect to previous studies. Materials and methods: Serum and cerebro-spinal fluid samples from 42 pediatric patients with neuro-inflammatory processes were studied and total IgG and albumin and specific antibodies against the three viruses were quantified from immunoenzymatic assays ELISA type. Corresponding reibergrams and specific antibody indices were performed. Results: A sustained increase in antibodies against the ethree immunogens was observed in general, without significant differences due to age or notable post-vaccination changes. There was a decrease in the antibody index as it moved away from the date of revaccination, so surveillance should be maintained in these age groups. The rate of production of anti-mumps antibodies was higher than against the other viruses, although not significantly. Conclusions: This vaccine guarantees protection by the uniformity of the memory induced immune response in all age groups. An increase in the protection of the studied population against mumps was demonstrated with respect to previous studies(AU)

Identificación de desórdenes autoinmunes e inmunodeficiencias a través de la evaluación neuroepidemiológica del índice de anticuerpos antiparotiditis, antirubéola y antisarampión / Identification of autoimmune disorders and immunodeficiencies by neuroepidemiological evaluation of the measles, mumps and rubella antibody index

Introducción: El esquema nacional de vacunación cubano presenta coberturas superiores al 99 por ciento que incluye la vacuna contra parotiditis, rubéola y sarampión. Así, cuando existe un proceso neuroinflamatorio se produce una amplia síntesis intratecal de anticuerpos antiparotiditis, antirubéola y antisarampión, que permite realizar evaluaciones neuroepidemiológicas de las campañas de vacunación y el sesgo de casos extremos, desde el punto de vista inmunológico. Objetivos: Correlacionar el índice de anticuerpos antirubéola, antiparotiditis y antisarampión con procesos autoinmunes asociados y en la identificación de posibles pacientes con inmunodeficiencias en la muestra estudiada. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio aplicado y descriptivo de corte transversal en 42 niños evaluados en los servicios de cuerpo de guardia de los hospitales pediátricos de La Habana del 2015 al 2018. La muestra fue dividida según los tres intervalos del índice de anticuerpos (menor o igual a 0,6; de 0,6 a 1,5 y mayor o igual a 1,5). Se procedió a detectar en los segmentos extremos pacientes con posible autoinmunidad (mayor o igual a 1,5) e inmunodeficiencia (se tomó el intervalo inferior a una desviación estándar). Resultados: En el grupo con índice de anticuerpos mayor o igual a 1,5, el 75 por ciento fue positivo a la reacción MRZ, indicativo de una enfermedad autoinmune activa. En el grupo con índice de anticuerpos menor o igual a 0,6 preponderó una clínica con prevalencia de enfermedades tumorales e infecciosas asociadas a un alto índice de hospitalización, test de inmunodeficiencia positivo y bajos niveles de IgG en suero. Conclusiones: Es posible identificar pacientes pediátricos con desórdenes autoinmunes y sospecha de inmunodeficiencias, a partir de la estrategia de la evaluación neuroepidemiológica de los índices de anticuerpos antiparotiditis, antirubéola y antisarampión(AU)

Introduction: The Cuban national vaccination scheme has a coverage of more than 99 percent of the population, and includes the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. Therefore, in the presence of a neuroinflammatory process, a broad intrathecal synthesis of measles, mumps and rubella antibodies takes place which makes it possible to conduct neuroepidemiological evaluations of the vaccination campaigns and the bias of extreme cases, from an immunological perspective. Objectives: Correlate the measles, mumps and rubella antibody index with associated autoimmune processes and in the identification of patients with possible immunodeficiencies in the study sample. Methods: An applied cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted of 42 children attending the emergency services of Havana children's hospitals in the period 2015-2018. The sample was divided according to the three antibody index intervals: smaller than or equal to 0.6, from 0.6 to 1.5, and greater than or equal to 1.5. Extreme segments were examined to detect patients with possible autoimmunity (greater than or equal to 1.5) and immunodeficiency (the interval below a standard deviation was taken as reference). Results: 75 percent of the group with an antibody index greater than or equal to 1.5 was positive to the MRZ reaction, indicative of an active autoimmune disease. In the group with an antibody index lower than or equal to 0.6, the prevailing clinical status showed a prevalence of tumoral and infectious diseases associated to a high hospitalization index, a positive immunodeficiency test and low serum IgG levels. Conclusions: It is possible to identify pediatric patients with autoimmune disorders and suspicion of immunodeficiencies applying the strategy of neuroepidemiological evaluation of the measles, mumps and rubella antibody indices(AU)

Number of cases of varicella and hospitalization in a pediatric reference hospital in brazil after introducing the vaccine / Avaliação do número de casos e do perfil de internações por varicela em hospital pediátrico após a introdução da vacina

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the number of cases and the profile of hospitalizations from varicella after the introduction of the measles, mumps, rubella and varicella combination vaccine in the public health system. Methods: Retrospective study in an infectious diseases pediatric hospital of reference in Southeast Brazil. The cases with a clinical diagnosis of varicella, from January 2011 to June 2016, were assessed from pediatricians' medical records. The hospitalizations were classified into a pre-vaccine group and post-vaccine group, based on the date the vaccine was introduced (September 2013). Both groups were compared by age, sex, time of hospitalization, reason for hospitalization, hospital complications, duration of intensive care, and clinical outcome. Results: A total of 830 hospitalizations were recorded; 543 in the pre-vaccine period and 287 in the post-vaccine period, a reduction of 47.1% (p<0.001). In both periods, a similar profile in the hospitalizations was noticed: majority male; aged between one to five years old; most complications due to secondary causes (mainly skin infections); main outcome was clinical improvement and discharge from the hospital. In the pre-vaccine period, six deaths were recorded and two were recorded in the post-vaccine period. Conclusions: The profile of the hospitalizations was expected to stay the same since this study did not compare vaccinated with unvaccinated children, but hospitalizations before and after the vaccine was introduced. In accordance with the medical literature, we found a significant fall in the number of hospitalizations from varicella.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o número de casos e o perfil das internações por varicela após a introdução da vacina quádrupla viral na rede pública. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo conduzido em hospital pediátrico referência em doenças infectocontagiosas na Região Sudeste do Brasil. Foram avaliados os casos com diagnóstico clínico de varicela, registrados em prontuário por médico pediatra, de janeiro de 2011 até junho de 2016. As internações foram classificadas em grupo pré-vacinal e grupo pós-vacinal, com base na data de introdução da vacina (setembro de 2013). Os grupos foram comparados em relação a: faixa etária, sexo, tempo de hospitalização, causas da internação, complicações hospitalares, tempo da internação em terapia intensiva e desfecho clínico. Resultados: Foram documentadas 830 internações, 543 no período pré-vacinal e 287 no pós-vacinal, ocorrendo redução de 47,1% nas internações (p<0,001). Em ambos os períodos, notou-se um perfil similar das internações, predominantemente: sexo masculino; faixa etária de um a cinco anos; por causas secundárias (principalmente infecções de pele); evoluindo com melhora clínica e alta hospitalar. Em relação ao número de óbitos, ocorreram seis no período pré-vacinal e dois no pós-vacinal. Conclusões: A manutenção do perfil das internações era esperada, visto que o trabalho não comparou crianças vacinadas com não vacinadas, e sim internações pré e pós-vacinais. Observou-se, em concordância com a literatura, queda substancial no número de internações por varicela.

Meningitis aséptica por virus parotídeo asociada a la vacuna

Resumen Comunicamos el caso de un lactante mayor previamente sano, que luego de tres semanas de recibir la vacuna SPR (sarampión, parotiditis, rubeola) presentó fiebre, aumento de volumen parotídeo y compromiso de conciencia. Se diagnosticó una meningitis aséptica, con pleocitosis en el LCR de predominio mononuclear, detectándose virus parotídeo en LCR por biología molecular. En el Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile se realizó serología (IgM e IgG) que resultó positiva. La muestra de saliva confirmó la etiología por virus parotídeo con genotipo N. La evolución fue favorable, sin secuelas al seguimiento a seis meses. Ante esta situación clínica, se revisó la información respecto a la asociación y causalidad de esta entidad clínica y vacuna SPR, focalizado en diferentes cepas del virus parotiditis.

Abstract We report the case of an older infant with no prior morbidity that approximately 3 weeks after receiving MMR vaccination (measles, mumps, rubella) was hospitalized for feverish symptoms, increased parotid volume and compromised consciousness. Aseptic meningitis was diagnosed, detecting pleocytosis in the CSF, predominantly mononuclear, and confirming by molecular biology, presence of parotid virus in CSF. A study was carried out by the Institute of Public Health of Chile, where serology (IgM and IgG) was positive. Saliva sample confirmed the etiology of parotid virus with genotype N. The evolution was favorable and at 6-month follow-up, there were no sequelae. Given this clinical situation, information regarding the association and causality of this clinical entity and the MMR vaccine, focused on different strains of the mumps virus, was reviewed.

Efectividad y seguridad de la vacuna Sarampión-Paperas-Rubéola (SPR) en mayores de cinco años / Effectiveness and safety of the Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccine (SPR) in over five years

ANTECEDENTES: La inmunización es una de las intervenciones en salud pública más costo efectivas y rentables. Sarampión, parotiditis y rubeola (SPR) son enfermedades virales, que pueden causar complicaciones y consecuencias graves, especialmente en niños desnutridos e inmunodeprimidos; siendo importante destacar, que estas enfermedades son prevenibles mediante la vacunación. El resurgimiento de las infecciones por el virus de las paperas entre personas previamente vacunados con dos dosis, ha planteado preocupaciones en el mundo, sobre la ausencia de inmunidad a largo plazo después de la vacunación contra esta enfermedad y ha aperturado discusiones sobre nuevas estrategias para mitigar el riesgo de brotes futuros, incluyendo la posibilidad de implementar una tercera dosis de la vacuna SPR como respuesta a un brote epidémico, frente al cual, además surge la necesidad de estudios adicionales que evalúen la protección a largo plazo proporcionada por tres dosis de las vacunas SPR, así como la rentabilidad de la implementación de ésta intervención. OBJETIVO: El objetivo de la presente revisión sistemática es sintetizar evidencias científicas sobre la seguridad y efectividad frente a parotiditis de la vacuna Sarampión, Rubéola, Paperas (SPR) en personas mayores de 5 años. METODOLOGÍA: La búsqueda sistemática se realizó en la base de datos de Medline (PubMed), Lilacs y Cochrane Library fueron formuladas una estrategia de búsqueda para la pregunta PICO de la revisión, no se aplicaron filtros de fecha ni idiomas, la búsqueda abordó la evidencia publicada hasta 12 de marzo del 2020. La selección de título y resumen y extracción de datos fue realizada por un solo revisor. RESULTADOS: La búsqueda identificó 9 estudios: 1 revisión sistemática, 1 ensayo clínico y 7 estudios observacionales. La revisión incluyó tres estudios en niños y adolescentes. El ensayo clínico se realizó en adultos y los estudios observacionales fueron en adultos y en niños. CONCLUSIONES: No se observan diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los niños que reciben una tercera dosis con los que reciben dos dosis. La vacuna SPR en niños mayores de 5 años presenta pocos y leves reacciones adversas. En adultos sanos, la tercera dosis de SPR no presenta reacciones adversas graves o largo plazo. En población militar, la aplicación de vacuna SPR no se asocia con aparición de diabetes mellitus tipo 1. (AU)

Brotes epidémicos de parotiditis, revisión de la literatura / Mumps outbreaks, literature review

La parotiditis es un infección viral producida por el virus parotídeo. Clínicamente se caracteriza por aumento de volumen de la glándula parótida generalmente bilateral. La estrategia que ha mostrado ser más eficaz para la prevención de esta infección ha sido la implementación de la vacuna tres vírica en los programas de inmunización. En países con población altamente inmunizada como Chile, se logró una importante disminución de la incidencia de esta enfermedad. Sin embargo, a pesar de la efectividad de la vacuna se siguen reportando brotes en todo el mundo, evidenciándose un cambio epidemiológico, trasladándose la edad de presentación clínica desde la niñez y adolescencia hacia los adultos jóvenes. Este aumento en el número de casos ha sido estudiado, determinando que el efecto protector inmunitario de la vacuna decaería con el transcurso del tiempo, contribuyendo a la propagación de los brotes. Con respecto a posibles estrategias para el manejo de los brotes la aplicación de una dosis adicional de la vacunas tres vírica en población expuesta sería una medida que mejoraría el control de los brotes.

Mumps is a viral infection caused by mumps virus. Clinically, it is characterized by increased parotid volume. The most effective strategy for preventing this infection, has been the implementation of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine in the national immunization program. Among countries with a highly immunized population, like Chile, there has been an important reduction in the incidence of this disease. Nevertheless, despite the effectivity of the MMR, there are reports of outbreaks worldwide, with an epidemiological change, from clinical presentation in childhood, to adolescents and adults. This outbreaks have been studied, and it has been determined that they are due to the waning of vaccine-derived immunity. Regarding strategies for the management of new outbreaks, the administration of an additional dose of MMR, would be an alternative.

Measles, rubella, mumps and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in saliva of vaccinated students of schools and universities in São Paulo City, Brazil

ABSTRACT Introduction: Vaccines are well-established public health interventions with major impacton the prevalence of infectious diseases, but outbreaks are occurring frequently due to pri-mary and secondary failures, despite high coverage. Surveillance of efficacy and duration ofinduced immunity is a difficult task as it requires invasive blood sampling in children andteenagers. Saliva can be an acceptable alternative source of IgG to assess vaccine efficacyand toxoplasmosis incidence. We investigated IgG response for measles, mumps, rubella,and T. gondii in saliva samples of vaccinated young people. Methods: Saliva was collected from 249 public schools students from São Paulo, Brazil, aged7 to 13 years old, during an interactive exhibition on hygiene. We used S. aureus proteinA solid phase capture assay for IgG reactive to biotinylated purified proteins. Paired salivaand serum (47) were tested from young adults with serum evidence of T. gondii infectionand from negative children less than 12 month old for standardization. Reproducibility wasgreater than 98% and sensitivity and specificity of the saliva assays were greater than 95%,as well as the concordance of paired saliva and serum samples. Results: Saliva from high school students showed a prevalence of 8.5% (95% CI: 5.0-11.9%)for anti T. gondii IgG; 96.8% (94.6-99%) of anti-measles IgG; 59.1% (53-65%) of anti-rubella IgG,and 57.5% (51.3-63.6%) of anti-mumps IgG. Discussion: The prevalence of antibodies against mumps and rubella after 6-8 years of vaccination was lower than against measles among students. The findings of this study demonstrate the feasibility of saliva sampling for follow-up of vaccine immune status in teenagers. This useful approach allows for IgG detection for vaccine control or epidemio- logical studies.

Seroprevalence of mumps in healthcare workers in South Korea

@#<![CDATA[Mumps is contagious disease and maintaining immunity to mumps in healthcare worker (HCW) is important for preventing transmission in the hospital. We evaluated the seroprevalence of mumps in HCWs in a tertiary care hospital in Republic of Korea. A total of 6,055 HCWs born between 1950 and 1995 underwent antibody testing. The overall seropositivity rate of mumps was 87% (95% confidence interval, 86%–87%). Our data indicates that, in Korean HCWs, testing for mumps antibody followed by mumps vaccination is more appropriate than routine mumps vaccination without testing for mumps antibody.]]>

Falhas vacinais: avaliando vacinas febre amarela, sarampo, varicela e caxumba / Fallos en vacunas: evaluando vacunas de fiebre amarilla, sarampión, varicela y parotiditis / Vaccine failures: assessing yellow fever, measles, varicella, and mumps vaccines

Resumo: A vacinação é uma das maiores intervenções em saúde pública pela segurança e efetividade, porém nem sempre vacinar significa imunizar. Inúmeros aspectos relacionados tanto ao indivíduo que recebe a vacina, quanto à especificidade de cada imunobiológico administrado compõem o processo para a obtenção de uma adequada imunização, sendo essencial que sejam observados para não culminar em falhas vacinais. A análise dos estudos de imunogenicidade e efetividade para as vacinas sarampo, varicela e caxumba apontam para a necessidade da incorporação de duas doses aos calendários básicos de vacinação para o controle das referidas doenças. Estudos epidemiológicos que analisaram surtos dessas doenças identificaram casos em indivíduos que receberam duas doses da vacina, o que pode apontar provável falha secundária. Para a vacina febre amarela, a discussão atual reside no número de doses ideal para a proteção individual. A Organização Mundial da Saúde recomenda dose única para toda a vida. Apesar dos poucos relatos em literatura a respeito das falhas vacinais, os estudos de imunogenicidade demonstram perda de proteção ao longo dos anos, principalmente na faixa etária pediátrica. Num cenário atual de eliminação e controle de doenças, associado à diminuição da circulação de vírus selvagens, o papel da vigilância epidemiológica é fundamental para aprofundar o conhecimento a respeito dos múltiplos fatores envolvidos, que culminam com falhas vacinais e surgimento de surtos. A ocorrência de surtos de doenças imunopreveníveis impacta negativamente a credibilidade dos programas de imunização, acarretando baixas coberturas vacinais e interferindo no êxito da vacinação.

Resumen: La vacunación es una de las mayores intervenciones en salud pública, por su seguridad y efectividad, sin embargo, no siempre vacunar significa inmunizar. Innumerables aspectos relacionados tanto con el individuo que recibe la vacuna, como con la especificidad de cada inmunobiológico administrado, componen el proceso para conseguir una adecuada inmunización, siendo esencial que sean observados para no acabar con fallos en las vacunas. El análisis de los estudios de inmunogenicidad y efectividad para las vacunas sarampión, varicela y parotiditis, apuntan hacia la necesidad de la incorporación de dos dosis a los calendarios básicos de vacunación para el control de las mencionadas enfermedades. Estudios epidemiológicos que analizaron brotes de esas enfermedades identificaron casos en individuos que recibieron dos dosis de la vacuna, lo que puede apuntar un probable fallo secundario. Para la vacuna de fiebre amarilla la discusión actual reside en el número de dosis ideal para protección individual. La Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda una dosis única para toda la vida. A pesar de los pocos relatos en la literatura, respecto a los fallos en las vacunas, los estudios de inmunogenicidad demuestran una pérdida de protección a lo largo de los años, principalmente en la franja de etaria pediátrica. En un escenario actual de eliminación y control de enfermedades, asociado a la disminución de la circulación de virus salvajes, el papel de la vigilancia epidemiológica es fundamental para profundizar el conocimiento respecto a los múltiples factores implicados, que culminan con fallos en las vacunas y surgimiento de brotes. La ocurrencia de brotes de enfermedades inmunoprevenibles impacta negativamente en la credibilidad de los programas de inmunización, acarreando bajas coberturas de vacunación e interfiriendo en el éxito de la vacunación.

Abstract: Vaccination is one of the greatest public health interventions, based on its safety and effectiveness, but vaccination does not always mean immunization. Numerous aspects related both to the individual that receives the vaccine and the specificity of each vaccine administered are part of the process of obtaining adequate immunization, and it is essential to observe the aspects in order to avoid vaccine failures. The analysis of immunogenicity and effectiveness studies for the measles, varicella, and mumps vaccines point to the need to incorporate two doses into the basic vaccination calendars in order to control these diseases. Epidemiological studies that analyzed outbreaks of these diseases identified cases in individuals that received two doses of the vaccine, which may indicate likely secondary failure. For the yellow fever vaccine, the current discussion lies in the ideal number of doses for individual protection. The World Health Organization recommends a single dose for life. Despite the few reports in the literature concerning vaccine failures, immunogenicity studies demonstrate waning protection over the years, mainly in the pediatric age bracket. In the current scenario of elimination and control of diseases, associated with the decrease in the circulation of the wild-type viruses, the role of epidemiological surveillance is crucial for expanding knowledge on the multiple factors involved, culminating in vaccine failures and the emergence of outbreaks. Outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases negatively impact the credibility of immunization programs, leading to low vaccination coverage rates and interfering in vaccination's success.

Áreas com queda da cobertura vacinal para BCG, poliomielite e tríplice viral no Brasil (2006-2016): mapas da heterogeneidade regional / Areas with declining vaccination coverage for BCG, poliomyelitis, and MMR in Brazil (2006-2016): maps of regional heterogeneity / Áreas con una caída de la cobertura de vacunación para BCG, poliomielitis y triple vírica en Brasil (2006-2016): mapas de la heterogeneidad regional

A imunização é reconhecida como uma das intervenções mais bem-sucedidas e custo-efetivas, resultando na erradicação e no controle de diversas doenças em todo o mundo. Todavia, uma preocupante redução na cobertura vacinal tem sido observada no Brasil, trazendo o recrudescimento de algumas doenças até então superadas. Dessa forma, no intuito de realizar um diagnóstico situacional que pondere as diferentes regiões do país e a tendência temporal de cobertura vacinal, o presente estudo teve o objetivo de evidenciar áreas com queda da cobertura vacinal de BCG, poliomielite e tríplice viral no Brasil por meio de um estudo ecológico que coletou informações acerca do número crianças de até um ano de idade imunizadas para essas três vacinas, no período entre 2006 e 2016, por município brasileiro. Os dados foram adquiridos por meio do Departamento de Informática do SUS. Foi realizada uma varredura espacial, analisando as variações espaciais nas tendências temporais de cobertura vacinal. Foi observada uma tendência de redução no número de imunizações no Brasil, com quedas de 0,9%, 1,3% e 2,7% ao ano para BCG, poliomielite e tríplice viral, respectivamente. Ademais, aglomerados significativos com tendências temporais de redução da cobertura vacinal foram verificados em todas as cinco regiões brasileiras. O estudo evidencia uma importante redução na cobertura vacinal nos últimos anos, constatando heterogeneidades consideráveis entre os municípios. Dessa forma, uma atenção singular e planejamento estratégico condizente com as características de cada localidade são necessários para o controle tanto da redução de cobertura vacinal como do reaparecimento de doenças no Brasil.

Immunization is known to be one of the most successful and cost-effective health interventions, resulting in the eradication and control of various diseases in the world. However, Brazil has experienced a worrisome drop in vaccination coverage, associated with the resurgence of various previously controlled or eradicated diseases. This study thus conducted a situational diagnosis weighing Brazil's different regions and time trends in vaccination coverage in order to identify areas with reduction in vaccination coverage for BCG, poliomyelitis, and MMR. This ecological study collected data on the number of children up to one year of age who had been vaccinated with these three vaccines from 2006 to 2016, according to municipality (county). Data were obtained from the Brazilian Health Informatics Department. A spatial scan was performed, analyzing spatial variations in the time trends for vaccination coverage. Downward trends were seen in the number of immunizations in Brazil, with reductions of 0.9%, 1.3%, and 2.7% per year for BCG, poliomyelitis, and MMR, respectively. Significant decreases were also seen in all five major geographic regions with time trends in the reduction of vaccination coverage. The study evidenced an important reduction in vaccination coverage in recent years, with major heterogeneity between municipalities. Thus, focused attention and strategic planning in keeping with each local area's characteristics are necessary to address both the reduction of vaccination coverage and the resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases in Brazil.

La inmunización está reconocida como una de las intervenciones más exitosas y costo-eficientes, consiguiendo la erradicación y control de diversas enfermedades en todo el mundo. Sin embargo, se ha observado una preocupante reducción en la cobertura de la vacunación en Brasil, conllevando el recrudecimiento de algunas enfermedades hasta entonces superadas. De esta forma, con el fin de realizar un diagnóstico situacional, que pondere las diferentes regiones del país y la tendencia temporal de cobertura vacunación, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evidenciar áreas con una caída de la cobertura vacunación respecto a BCG, poliomielitis y triple vírica en Brasil. Se trata de un estudio ecológico, que recabó información acerca del número de niños de hasta un año de edad inmunizados con estas tres vacunas, durante el período entre 2006 y 2016, por municipios brasileños. Los datos se consiguieron a través del Departamento de Informática del SUS. Se realizó un barrido espacial, analizando las variaciones espaciales en las tendencias temporales de cobertura de vacunación. Se observó una tendencia de reducción en el número de inmunizaciones en Brasil, con caídas de 0,9%, 1,3% y 2,7% al año, en el caso de BCG, poliomielitis y triple vírica, respectivamente. Además, se verificaron aglomerados significativos con tendencias temporales de reducción en la cobertura de vacunación dentro de las cinco regiones brasileñas. El estudio evidencia una importante reducción en la cobertura de vacunación durante los últimos años, constatando heterogeneidades considerables entre los municipios. De esta forma, una atención singular y planificación estratégica, acorde con las características de cada localidad, son necesarias para el control, tanto de la reducción de la cobertura de vacunación, como del resurgimiento de enfermedades en Brasil.

Frecuencia de las reacciones alérgicas a la vacuna triple viral en pacientes con alergia al huevo / The frequency of allergic reactions to the triple viral vaccine in 94 patients with egg allergy

Introducción. La vacunación es la intervención en salud pública más efectiva de todos los tiempos, pues reduce la mortalidad y la morbilidad de múltiples enfermedades infecciosas. En muchas ocasiones, la aplicación de las vacunas se retrasa por el temor a las reacciones alérgicas, lo cual es frecuente entre los pacientes con alergia al huevo que requieren la vacuna triple viral (rubeola-sarampión-parotiditis). Objetivo. Evaluar la frecuencia de reacciones después de la aplicación de la vacuna triple viral en una población alérgica al huevo. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio retrospectivo multicéntrico (2014-2016) de pacientes con alergia al huevo que acudieron a centros de alergología de Medellín y requerían la aplicación de la vacuna triple viral. Resultados. Noventa y cuatro pacientes cumplían los criterios de selección; 68,2 % de ellos presentaba síntomas cutáneos al consumir huevo; 22,3 %, reacción anafiláctica; 5,3 %, síntomas gastrointestinales, y 4,2 %, síntomas respiratorios. Independientemente de la gravedad de su reacción al huevo, todos los pacientes recibieron la vacuna triple viral y la toleraron bien. Conclusión. Aunque la alergia al huevo es frecuente en la edad infantil, el riesgo de reacciones alérgicas después de aplicar la vacuna triple viral en esta población fue similar al de la población general, por lo que no se debe diferir su aplicación, incluso en pacientes con antecedentes de reacciones graves al huevo.

Introduction: Vaccination is the most effective public health intervention of all times, reducing the death and morbidity rates derived from multiple infectious diseases. In many cases, the administration and reception of vaccines is delayed due to the fear of allergic reactions; this is frequent among patients with allergy to egg who need the triple viral vaccine. Objective: To evaluate the frequency of reactions after the administration of triple viral vaccine (Measles, Mumps and Rubella, MMR) in an egg-allergic population. Materials and methods: We conducted a multi-center retrospective study (2014-2016) including patients with egg allergy who visited an allergology center and required the administration of the triple viral vaccine. Results: A total of 94 patients met the selection criteria. From these patients, 68.2% had cutaneous symptoms, 22.3% had an anaphylactic reaction, 5.3% had gastrointestinal symptoms, and 4.2% had respiratory egg-related symptoms. Regardless of the severity of their reaction to egg, all patients received the triple viral vaccine and in 100% of the cases, it was well tolerated. Conclusion: Although egg allergy is common in childhood, the risk of allergic reactions during the MMR vaccination in this population was similar to that in the general population, therefore, its use should not be deferred even in patients with a history of severe egg-related allergic reactions.

Vacuna contra sarampión rubeola y paperas y su asociación con autismo: a 20 años de controversia / Vaccine against measles mumps and rubella and its association with autism: 20 years of controversy

Resumen En la presente revisión se ofrecen las pautas éticas que rigen el esquema con que debe ser aplicada la vacuna triple contra Sarampión Rubeola y Paperas. Se hace énfasis en la falta de datos clínicos que hayan asociado esta vacuna con el desarrollo de autismo en niños y se expone con base en evidencia científica los riesgos de la no vacunación en este grupo etario.

Abstract In the present review is offered the ethical guidelines that govern the scheme with which the triple vaccine against Measles Rubella and Mumps must to be applied. It emphasizes the lack of clinical data that have associated this vaccine with the development of autism in children and exposes based on scientific evidence the risks of non-vaccination in this age group.

Measles - an old children's disease to remember / Sarampo - uma velha doença infantil a relembrar

Measles is a serious, highly contagious viral disease. The measles virus is a single-stranded, RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae, transmitted by air, through droplets of aerosols or by direct contact with respiratory secretions of infected individuals. The infection is acquired through the mucosa of respiratory tract or conjunctiva. In 2005, the World Health Organization established that measles eradication in the European Region should be achieved by 2010, but despite the measures adopted by the various countries, measles re-emerged, with 10271 cases reported only in 2013 in 30 states of European Union, with more than 91% of them in Germany, Italy, Netherland and United Kingdom. In the beginning of 2017, Portugal was threatened with a measles outbreak, reporting in the first five months of the year 31 confirmed cases, 20 (65%) of them in adults (18 or older), of which 45% (13) were in health professionals. Because this measles outbreak had so many cases in adults, the authors decided to make a brief review, trying to remember an old infection, not so well known by younger doctors, and that can be overlooked in the approach of the adult patients. The authors also point out that measles virus could virtually be eradicated as there is an effective vaccine and there is no reservoir in nature for the virus other than humans (AU)

O sarampo é uma doença viral grave e altamente contagiosa. O vírus do sarampo é um vírus de ARN, cadeia simples, do gênero Morbillivirus, da família Paramyxoviridae, transmitido pelas vias aéreas, através de gotículas de aerossóis ou por contato direto com secreções respiratórias de indivíduos infectados. A infecção é adquirida pelo contato dessas gotículas com a mucosa do trato respiratório ou conjuntiva. Em 2005, a Organização Mundial de Saúde estabeleceu que o objetivo para a erradicação do sarampo na Região Europeia seria até 2010 mas, apesar das medidas adotadas pelos diversos países, o sarampo ressurgiu, com 10271 casos relatados somente em 2013 em 30 estados da União Europeia, com mais de 91% deles na Alemanha, Itália, Holanda e Reino Unido. No início de 2017, Portugal foi ameaçado por um surto de sarampo, relatando nos primeiros cinco meses do ano 31 casos confirmados, 20 (65%) em adultos (com idade igual ou superior a 18), dos quais 45% (13) foram em profissionais de saúde. Face a este surto de sarampo ter tantos casos em adultos, os autores decidiram fazer uma breve revisão, tentando relembrar uma infeção antiga, não tão conhecida pelos médicos mais jovens e que pode ser esquecida na abordagem de um doente adulto. Os autores salientam igualmente que o vírus do sarampo pode virtualmente ser erradicado, pois existe uma vacina eficaz e não existe na natureza nenhum reservatório para o vírus, além dos humanos (AU)

Análisis de patrones territoriales de contextos de vida de niños hasta 6 años y su potencial influencia en la cobertura de programas de inmunización en Chile / Analysis of the territorial patterns of the life contexts of children up to 6 years of age and their potential influence on the coverage of immunization programs in Chile

RESUMEN El objetivo es analizar determinadas variables que puedan estar implicadas en la cobertura de vacunación de niños en diferentes territorios comunales de Chile, para las vacunas bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) al nacer, pentavalente a los 6 meses, y triple vírica a los 12 meses y 6 años de edad, en el periodo 2008-2011. La metodología contempla tres fases: la primera, corresponde a la operacionalización de veinte variables socioterritoriales, que dan cuenta de los contextos generales de vida de la población objetivo; la segunda, refiere a la definición de una escala de valores a través de un panel de expertos, para ponderar la importancia de cada una de las variables; y, la tercera, integra la información en un sistema de ayuda a la decisión espacial para la identificación de patrones territoriales, por medio de una evaluación multicriterio y el análisis multivariante clúster. Los resultados indican que es factible agrupar cuatro tipos de territorio. De forma general es posible advertir que, mientras mejora el contexto de vida, se pueden encontrar mayores niveles de cobertura para cada vacuna.

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper was to analyze selected variables that could be involved in vaccination coverage of children in different communal territories of Chile, including the vaccines bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) at birth, pentavalent at 6 months and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) at 12 months and 6 years, in the period 2008-2011. The methodology includes three phases. The first corresponds to the operationalization of twenty socio-territorial variables that account the general life contexts of the target population. The second phase involves the definition of a scale of values through a panel of experts to weigh the importance of each of the variables. The third phase integrates the information into a spatial decision support system for the identification of territorial patterns, through multi-criteria evaluation and multivariate cluster analysis. The results indicate that it is feasible to group territories into four types. In general terms, it is possible to observe that as the life context improves, higher levels of coverage can be found for each vaccine.

Prevalencia de anticuerpos frente a parotiditis en niños y adolescentes a dos años de haberse introducido la vacuna SRP / Antibody prevalence to mumps in children and adolescents at two years of the introduction of the MMR vaccine

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la prevalencia de anticuerpos antiparotiditis en niños y adolescentes de México, a dos años de haberse introducido la vacuna SRP. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron 2111 niños (1-9 años) y 2484 adolescentes (10-19 años). Se evaluaron anticuerpos IgG con un kit comercial de ELISA indirecto. Resultados: La seroprevalencia fue 70.6% (IC95% 69.3-71.9) y resultó mayor en adolescentes (83.0%, IC95% 81.5-84.5) que en niños (56.0%, IC95% 53.9-58.11) (OR 3.83; IC95% 3.34-4.39, p=0.0000000). Los niños de 1 a 2 y de 6 a 9 años, que a partir de 1998 formaron parte del grupo blanco de vacunación vs parotiditis, tuvieron mayor seroprevalencia que el grupo de 3 a 5 años no vacunado. Conclusiones: La seropositividad en niños de 1 a 2 y de 6 a 9 años fue probablemente atribuible a vacunación durante 1998-2000 y la de otros grupos etarios a exposición natural relacionada con el tiempo transcurrido en cada cohorte de nacimientos hasta el reclutamiento al estudio.

Abstract: Objective: To assess the prevalence of mumps antibodies in children and adolescents of Mexico, two years after the introduction of the mumps-containing vaccine MMR. Materials and methods: Evaluation of IgG antibodies with a commercial kit of indirect ELISA. Results: 2111 children (1-9 years) and 2484 adolescents (10-19 years) were studied. The overall antibody seroprevalence was 70.6% (95% CI 69.3-71.9), being higher in adolescents (83.0%, 95%CI 81.5-84.5) than in children (56.0%, 95%CI: 53.9-58.11) (OR 3.83, 95%CI 3.34-4.39, p=0.0000000). Children 1 to 2 and 6 to 9 years who were part of the target group of mumps vaccination since 1998, they had higher seroprevalence than the group of 3 to 5 years unvaccinated. Conclusions: Seropositivity in children aged 1 to 2 and 6 to 9 years was probably attributable to vaccination during 1998-2000 and in other age groups to natural exposure related to time elapsed in each birth cohort until the study recruitment.

Humoral immune response to measles and varicella vaccination in former very low birth weight preterm infants

ABSTRACT Introduction: Immune response to vaccination in infants born prematurely may be lower than in infants born at full-term. Some clinical factors might be associated with humoral immune response. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to compare the immune response to measles and varicella vaccination in infants born prematurely with those born at full-term and to analyze factors associated with measles and varicella antibody levels. Methods: Prospective study including two groups of infants aged 12 months. One group of infants born prematurely with birth-weight <1500 g and who were in follow-up at the outpatient clinic for preterm infants at the institution and other group of infants born at full-term. Infants with malformations, primary immunodeficiency diseases, born to HIV-positive mothers or who had received plasma or immunoglobulin transfusions five months before or three weeks after vaccination were excluded. Plasma antibodies were measured by ELISA and factors associated with antibody levels were assessed by linear regression. Results: Sixty-five premature and 56 full-term infants were included. The percentage of immune individuals after vaccination against measles (100% vs. 100%) and varicella (92.5% vs. 93.2%) were similar in both groups, as well as the antibody levels against measles (2.393 vs. 2.412 UI/mL; p = 0.970) and varicella (0.551 vs. 0.399 UI/mL; p = 0.114). Use of antenatal corticosteroids decreased measles antibody levels whereas breastfeeding for more than six months increased varicella antibody levels. Conclusions: Humoral responses to measles and varicella were similar between infants born prematurely and full-term infants. Measles antibody levels were negatively associated with antenatal corticosteroid use; varicella antibodies were positively associated with prolonged breastfeeding.